Neural Tube Defects Myelomeningocele/Spina Bifida Practice Test

These questions are part of the practice quiz. Start practicing

• New development of spasticity in this context is considered a:
• Which conditions are closely associated with spina bifida?
• The windswept position is associated with which risk?
• Which structural changes are listed as factors affecting ambulation?
• Is surgery always indicated for hip dislocation in high lumbar L1-L2 injuries?
• Why is there a high incidence of contractures at thoracic level?
• What compensatory posture is commonly observed to stabilize the head over the body in infancy?
• Which postural deviation is associated with sacral S1-S2?
• At the S1 level, which muscle is 3/5?
• At the L1 level, how is trunk function described?
• What is an advantage of THKAFO?
• At the T6-T9 level, what is typically the status of lower extremity function?
• A hip flexion contracture can decrease walking velocity by what percentage?
• What are typical signs of a fracture in spina bifida?
• Which outcome measure assesses needs and abilities during school-related functional tasks for grades K-6?
• Tethered spinal cord can cause what primary issue in neural tissue metabolism?
• At thoracic level, what position do the trunk and lower extremities tend to assume due to hypotonia and flaccidity?
• When do fractures frequently occur in those with spina bifida?
• Club foot is listed as a possible postural deviation/contracture for which spinal levels?
• Where is the shunt typically inserted?
• Which muscle function is expected in low lumbar L4-L5?
• At the T9-T12 level, which trunk muscles are functional?
• Which is a postural deviation/contracture listed for High Lumbar L1-L2?
• What is the impact of using containers (restrictive devices) on development?
• Tethered cord syndrome results from abnormal tissue growth that can cause which outcome?
• Which topic is included in infancy parent education?
• Which standing posture deformity is listed as a common postural abnormality in spina bifida?
• Which combination of factors is listed as associated with greater cognitive ability in spina bifida patients?
• Which foot deformity is described as equinus and related to dorsiflexion lack?
• Which muscle groups are identified as key for community ambulation?
• How is the motor level determined in spina bifida?
• What is the rationale for fetal repair in spina bifida management?
• How is hydrocephalus most commonly managed in this context?
• Which statement best describes the effect of fetal repair on neural development?
• About myelomeningocele, what type of bladder is present in about 85% of patients?
• Which task is included in the nutrition role for spina bifida care?
• Which component is described as part of school-age (6-12) interventions to support endurance and daily activity?
• What causes osteoporosis in children with spina bifida?
• Which functional mobility is expected at sacral S1-S2?
• Which of the following is a sign/symptom of hydromyelia?
• Which orthosis might be used to assist with crouched gait due to plantar flexor weakness?
• Which approach is recommended to strengthen a child’s legs for early development?
• After a fracture, how should immobilization and weight-bearing be managed?
• Which factor is associated with lower cognitive function in spina bifida patients?
• Which of the following is a reported benefit of fetal surgery for spina bifida?
• What causes pes cavus with toe clawing?
• Which item is commonly latex-containing and relevant to allergy planning for spina bifida patients?
• In preschool posture exams, which aspects are assessed?
• Which of the following is a newly noted sign of shunt malfunction in school-aged children?
• What is one of the greatest indicators that gait should be discontinued?
• What is the most common foot deformity in thoracic and high lumbar spina bifida?
• Which condition is defined as a skin-covered protruding sac containing meninges and CSF?
• Which tests are used to assess gait velocity and endurance in school-age gait considerations?
• If the shunt is not placed during back closure, what will the neurosurgeon do?
• Which posture is explicitly listed as an infancy developmental posture (0-11 months) in the material?
• Why is regular fit and adjustment to a wheelchair necessary in spina bifida care?
• Which outcome measure is appropriate for monitoring gross motor function in infants up to 18 months?
• Which of the following is a congenital postural deformity?
• Which factor would most likely indicate progressive neurologic dysfunction during PT assessment?
• Which assistive device is mentioned as a consideration for prolonged use in high lumbar L1-L2 PT?
• At the T9-T12 level, what pelvic control is described?
• Which medication is a known risk factor for spina bifida when used during pregnancy?
• What guidance is given regarding tummy time in early infancy?
• What is another name for myelodysplasia?
• Preoperatively prior to back closure, which of the following is assessed?
• Which of the following is not typically part of the multidisciplinary care team for spina bifida?
• In the prone developmental posture, which activity is recommended to promote weight shifting and extensor strength?
• Which item is NOT a MSK or neuromuscular change related to existing muscle imbalances?
• For sensory testing in infancy, which approach is recommended?
• In the strength systems review for spina bifida, which pattern is described?
• UE muscle groups play a role in which activities for school-age children with mobility limitations?
• At the L4 level, which muscle groups are 3/5?
• In infants with poor anti-gravity strength, prone positioning is accommodated to provide what benefit?
• What causes the foot deformities in spina bifida?
• In sacral S1-S2 related notes for gait management, which issue requires ongoing attention?
• THKAFO is indicated for lesions up to which level?
• Sensory exams in preschool ages become more reliable as children get older. Which statement aligns with this?
• Which form is the most common open protruding sac containing meninges and nonfunctional nerves?
• Increased lumbar lordosis is listed as a postural deviation at which level?
• When should a caregiver carry a child to promote antigravity head control?
• Gait considerations for school-age children include assessment in the natural environment on a variety of surfaces using which tests for velocity and endurance?
• Which clinical feature is commonly associated with spina bifida occulta?
• What is the thoracic level functional mobility described?
• Which mobility option might be used for long distances in low lumbar L4-L5 beyond forearm crutches?
• Chiari II refers to which phenomenon in spina bifida?
• In preschool age intervention strategies, what is considered the first mobility option?
• Which postural deviation is listed under thoracic level postural deviations and contractures?
• Which statement reflects a thoracic level consideration for orthosis?
• At which level is hip flexor strength described as 2/5?
• In which region of the spine is spina bifida most commonly located?
• Which ultrasound sign is associated with spina bifida?
• Which of the following is listed as an indication for THKAFO?
• What does a shunt do?
• Which form has the spinal cord and nerve roots remaining intact and in their normal positions?
• Cranial nerve impairments in spina bifida commonly appear during which period?
• Excessive lordosis is also referred to as which of the following?
• Which of the following is a S/S of tethered spinal cord?
• Which long-term concern is associated with spina bifida occulta?
• Equinus foot deformity in this context is caused by which condition?
• Which statement best describes the impact of a regularly timed clean intermittent catheterization schedule?
• Chiari II malformation may lead to the requirement of which procedures?
• Which contractures are most typical at thoracic level postural deviations and contractures?
• A Chiari II malformation is defined by which finding?
• Hydromyelia can be described as CSF build-up within the spinal cord leading to a syrinx near the which area?
• Identifying potential secondary impairments in this population is important because it helps PTs to:
• Which of the following is an expected sacral S1-S2 muscle function?
• What is the recommended amount of folic acid prior to conception?
• Which options reflect high lumbar L1-L2 equipment use?
• Hydromyelia is defined as what abnormal process in the spinal cord?
• What orthosis is used at mid lumbar L3?
• Which outcome is a potential result of fetal surgery related to hindbrain herniation?
• At which level are plantar flexors rated 2/5?
• Infancy play education focuses on improving posture and motor control. What is emphasized in this approach for infants aged 0-11 months?
• Which muscle group is graded 4/5 in the data provided?
• Which approach is described as increasing strength of innervated muscles and improving functional performance during re-education?
• Which of the following is listed as a cranial nerve impairment seen in spina bifida?
• What condition are high lumbar L1-L2 injuries at high risk for, and what is the cause?
• Which treatment has recently been approved for neurogenic bladder management in spina bifida?
• In preschool age exam considerations, which domains are typically assessed?
• At the T6-T9 level, which muscles are primarily functional?
• Which gait pattern is described for sacral S1-S2 with plantar flexor weakness?
• High lumbar L1-L2 functional mobility is typically characterized by which level of ambulation?
• Which of the following is an indication for using a knee-ankle-foot orthosis (KAFO)?
• Spina bifida is associated with genetic abnormalities including trisomies 13, 18, and 21. Which chromosomal category is implicated?
• Why does the lemon sign need to be evaluated before 24 weeks gestation?
• In an ambulatory child with obesity, how is mobility most impacted?
• What intervention is commonly indicated to address a tethered spinal cord?
• Which of the following is a positive prognostic advance in spina bifida management?
• Which muscle needs to be strong for community ambulation?
• Children with spina bifida are at risk of progressive deterioration in which two domains?
• Which assessment is listed for gross motor development in preschool age?
• Which sensory modalities are decreased by lower-extremity paralysis?
• Which orthosis is used for low lumbar L4-L5?
• Which task is primarily addressed by the urology role in spina bifida care?
• What is the functional mobility classification for low lumbar L4-L5?
• Which outcome may be improved by fetal surgery for spina bifida?
• Which form involves nerve tissue fully exposed?
• Which posture is advised to avoid in preschool age posture exams?
• Quadriceps strength of grade 3 or less is associated with what outcome?
• Which positioning aid is mentioned to support symmetry and alignment in infancy?
• Which cognitive issue is listed as a secondary impairment in spina bifida?
• Defective development within any part of the spinal cord refers to which condition?
• Is strengthening prioritized in school-age interventions, especially when there is a risk of losing function?
• Which equipment is listed as usable for mobility in low lumbar L4-L5?
• Vertical talus in this context occurs when which strength pattern is present?
• At the L5 level, which muscle groups show 3/5 strength?
• At what age is a power wheelchair typically appropriate for a child?
• Which statement is NOT a goal of bowel management programs for individuals with spina bifida?
• Why is there a high risk of hip subluxation/dislocation in high lumbar L1-L2?
• What best describes the mechanism by which a tethered spinal cord leads to symptoms?
• Preparing for cesarean birth reduces the risk of what complication?
• Which symptom is commonly associated with Chiari II malformation?
• Why do children with spina bifida have a high risk of fractures?
• At high lumbar L1-L2, which muscle function is expected?
• In physical therapy, which sensory testing approach is recommended for skin assessment in spina bifida?
• In preschool strength exams, which activity is used as a functional strength assessment?
• What is required to permit advanced activities of daily living in adolescence with spina bifida?
• What is done if a lemon sign is positive?
• Lower-extremity paralysis combined with low tone and poor head control most commonly results in which motor outcome?
• Chiari II malformation is associated with deformity of which brain structure?
• A commonly observed symptom of tethered spinal cord affecting organ function is changes in what?
• What is a likely effect of gross motor movement difficulty on an infant's experience?
• A cause of crouch is what?
• Which of the following is an indication for a SMO ( Supra-Malleolar Orthosis )?
• What is a primary objective of a bladder program in spina bifida?
• Infancy intervention strategies focus on which primary goals?
• Which foot deformity is associated with pes cavus in sacral S1-S2?
• Which of the following is a primary impairment of spina bifida?
• What is the recommended PT approach if subluxation/dislocation persists at high lumbar L1-L2?
• In sacral S1-S2, the incidence of hip dislocation/subluxation and hip flexion contractures is:
• The target age for achieving safe and functional ambulation with bracing is which age range?
• What is the primary purpose of an ankle-foot orthosis (AFO) in low lumbar L4-L5 cases?
• Infancy (0-11 months) posture considerations often show which finding?
• Which factor is associated with lower cognitive function, according to the source?
• Which is an indication for RGO or HKAFO?
• When can an orthotic program begin?
• In a child with lumbar or sacral lesion and rapid scoliosis progression, which condition should be considered?
• Which statement best describes hypotonia in infancy for this population?
• Hydrocephalus can influence metabolism by which mechanism?
• Orthosis and assistive devices are initiated when the child demonstrates the ability to pull to tall kneel or stand. Which option correctly states this initiation condition?
• How do foot deformities affect shoe fitting?
• When is the shunt often inserted during surgical management of back closure?
• Which of the following is NOT listed as an option following a diagnosis of spina bifida?
• Which of the following is a sign of shunt malfunction in infants indicating increased intracranial pressure and skull shape changes?
• What causes the lemon sign appearance on imaging?
• Which form is the most common among spina bifida aperta?
• Which equipment may be used to normalize gait pattern at sacral S1-S2?
• What are key evaluation considerations for school-age children (6-12) with myelomeningocele?
• During which gestational weeks are AFP values highest?
• KAFO indications include weakness of the quadriceps. Which grade of quadriceps weakness is cited as an indication?
• By what age can mastery of clean intermittent catheterization typically be achieved?
• Spina bifida etiology is best described as multifactorial.
• In school-age functional mobility, which areas are assessed to determine independence?
• Which statement is true about AFP testing in this context?
• How is sensation typically assessed in dermatome testing?
• Which spina bifida form is typically invisible externally?
• In Chiari II malformation, CSF flow is affected by obstruction at which location?
• Over time, spina bifida is at risk of which two outcomes?
• Which practice supports symmetry during daily cares for infants (e.g., diaper changes and meals)?
• Tethered spinal cord can present with changes in which neurologic function?
• Which of the following is a common postural deformity involving the hip?
• What is included in the orthopedics role in spina bifida management?
• Which of the following is a secondary impairment of spina bifida?
• Which cognitive domain may be affected in individuals with spina bifida, especially involving higher-order functions?
• In hypotonia education, caregivers are advised to focus on understanding what aspect of hypotonia?
• In the supine developmental posture, which skill is emphasized?
• Which orthosis is listed for high lumbar L1-L2?
• Which of the following is a secondary impairment involving the knee or leg in spina bifida?
• Which MMT score is considered intact?
• What is the typical muscle tone below the level of the spinal lesion in spina bifida?
• Why might progressive ankle and foot deformities be observed?
• Which population is at higher risk for spina bifida due to genetic variation affecting ability to absorb folic acid?
• Which developmental aim is promoted by infancy intervention strategies across age-appropriate positions?
• Which maternal condition is listed as associated with spina bifida etiology?
• In adolescence to young adulthood, which mobility trend may occur for many individuals with spina bifida?
• At the S3–S5 level, what is possible regarding muscle activity and bowel/bladder function?
• Which task is a neurology role in spina bifida management?
• For low lumbar L4-L5, which hip muscles are strong and weak?
• Presence of scoliosis in a child with a lumbar or sacral spinal lesion with full trunk innervation should prompt evaluation for which conditions, especially if progression occurs rapidly?
• Which of the following is a newly noted ocular sign of shunt malfunction in school-aged children?
• What is a plausible etiology of seizures in children with spina bifida?
• Which level is the frog leg position associated with?
• Which position helps prevent the head from falling for a child with hypotonia?
• Is the size of the lesion a reliable predictor of functional deficit or ultimate outcome?
• Vertical talus in mid-lumbar L3 is described as which condition?
• Which of the following is not listed as a factor affecting ambulation?
• Which areas are the typical physical therapy considerations for thoracic level?
• What term describes adhesions that anchor the spinal cord at the back lesion and limit its upward movement during growth?
• Which of the following skin complications is associated with ammonia exposure from incontinence in spina bifida?
• Which of the following is NOT a type of spina bifida aperta?
• Which statement is NOT listed as a risk factor for spina bifida?
• Which of the following is a sign of shunt malfunction in school-aged children?
• What is a primary benefit of being prepared for cesarean birth in this context?
• Which levels are more at risk of scoliosis?
• What is the primary reason for incontinence and impaired anorectal sensation in spina bifida?
• For unilateral hip dislocation at high lumbar L1-L2, which strategy should be considered?
• Which factor is associated with greater cognitive ability in spina bifida patients?
• Which mobility task is expected at sacral S1-S2?
• At mid lumbar L3, which muscle function is expected?
• At the thoracic level, which muscle group is expected to retain function?
• The spina bifida population has a high risk of which condition that affects orthotic and wheelchair fit, independence, transfers, mobility, and self-care activities?
• Which activity is included in preschool level functional muscle strength testing?
• AFP in amniotic fluid is tested by which method?
• Which postural deviation is listed for mid-lumbar L3?
• What components are included when assessing infant muscle function in this population?
• Which mobility option is included as part of thoracic level mobility beyond therapy sessions?
• How should equipment be chosen for the orthotic program?
• Which statement best describes meningocele?
• At the L2 level, which muscle groups show 3/5 strength?
• What percentage of individuals with spina bifida have latex allergy?
• Which of the following is NOT listed as a nervous system impairment in spina bifida?
• At mid lumbar L3, which of the following is an expected hip function?
• Which of the following are potential causes of hydrocephalus?
• Which term describes abnormal accumulation of CSF in the cranial vault?
• How often should individuals with spina bifida aim for aerobic activity?
• Which of the following is listed as a factor that affects ambulation?
• Which is an expected sacral S1-S2 muscle function?
• Which specialty is primarily responsible for checking shunt functioning in spina bifida care?
• In hypotonia education, what head-control guidance is recommended?
• Spina bifida occulta is most commonly located in which region of the spine?
• Which is an indication for the use of an ankle-foot orthosis (AFO)?
• Which description matches spina bifida occulta?
• Which statement about assigning a motor level for spina bifida is true?
• Which of the following is a sign of shunt malfunction in infants?
• Which of the following is NOT listed as closely associated with spina bifida in the material?
• Spina bifida is classified based on visibility of the defect. Which term best describes a visibly open defect?
• Which management intervention is commonly used to address hydrocephalus in spina bifida?
• Do foot deformities occur in ambulatory or non-ambulatory children?
• At the L3 level, which muscle group is rated 3/5?
• What is the recommended approach to immobilization and weight-bearing after a fracture in spina bifida patients?
• Which of the following is NOT listed as a thoracic level orthosis option?
• Chiari II malformation involves downward displacement of which brain structure?
• Which of the following best describes the progression of standing in infancy?
• At what age can a child typically start using a manual wheelchair?
• How is the lemon sign assessed in prenatal testing?
• Which of the following is NOT a motor contracture listed for thoracic level?
• Latex may be present in which common item used by individuals with spina bifida?
• Sensation review states impairments are present in all patients with myelomeningocele. Which statement best reflects this claim?
• What is the role of physical therapy in shunt placement?
• Which statement is NOT listed as a cranial nerve impairment in spina bifida?
• Which equipment is used for thoracic level mobility?
• High-level lesions may cease ambulation after how many years?
• Which condition increases the risk of pressure sores in feet with deformities?
• Which of the following factors is associated with a decreased incidence of spina bifida?
• What is the stated goal of orthotics and bracing in this context?
• Which of the following is NOT listed as a potential S/S of hydromyelia?
• Hydrocephalus is anticipated in approximately what percentage of infants after back closure?
• In the context of low lumbar L4-L5, hip weakness and instability put the patient at risk for which condition?
• What baseline information should be defined for proper program planning in a developing child with spina bifida?
• Which health concern may develop during adolescence with spina bifida due to overuse?
• Which orthosis is used for sacral S1-S2?
• Chiari II malformation is closely associated with spina bifida. Which statement is true?
• The windswept position in spina bifida is best described as which of the following?
• Dermatome innervation closely aligns with myotome innervation. Which best characterizes this statement?
• Which of the following is an SMO indication related to foot alignment?
• Which foot deformity is commonly observed in individuals with low lumbar spina bifida?
• What statement best captures the rationale for removing deforming forces in the feet of children with spina bifida?
• At the L5 level, which muscle is described as 2/5 strength?
• Frog-legged posture in infancy is described by which alignment?
• What is the primary purpose of early infant evaluation in this context?
• What functional mobility level is typical for mid lumbar L3?
• What is a key rationale for using supportive standing in infancy?
• Which is a key step in gross motor PT planning for a developing child with spina bifida?
• What impairments are associated with foot deformities in spina bifida?
• Which of the following is a sign of shunt malfunction in infants?
• Which area is a common site of integumentary breakdown in children with spina bifida?
• What is the primary cause of hydrocephalus in most children with spina bifida?
• Which of the following best describes preschool-age intervention strategies regarding skin care and pressure relief?
• Which is described as the most severe form, with nerve tissue fully exposed?
• What is a potential drawback of movement within supportive devices?
• For thoracic level mobility, which combination of equipment is described?